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Explain about Molecular Pathology .... ? " munipalli akshay paul "

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Molecular Pathology is a specialized branch of pathology that focuses on the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues, or bodily fluids. It combines aspects of molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics to understand the mechanisms of disease at a molecular level.

Key Concepts in Molecular Pathology:

1. Focus on Molecular Mechanisms:

  • It explores how genetic mutations, changes in gene expression, and other molecular alterations contribute to disease.

  • Particularly useful in cancers, infectious diseases, inherited disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

2. Techniques Used:

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – amplifies DNA sequences.

  • Real-Time PCR (qPCR) – quantifies DNA or RNA in real-time.

  • Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) – provides detailed genetic information.

  • Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) – detects genetic abnormalities in chromosomes.

  • Microarrays – analyze gene expression patterns or detect mutations.

  • Southern and Northern blotting – detect DNA and RNA, respectively.

3. Applications:

  • Cancer diagnostics: Identify mutations (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2 in breast cancer).

  • Infectious disease: Detect pathogens via their genetic material (e.g., COVID-19 testing).

  • Pharmacogenomics: Determine how genetic variation affects drug response.

  • Inherited diseases: Diagnose genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis or Huntington’s disease.

4. Benefits of Molecular Pathology:

  • High sensitivity and specificity.

  • Ability to detect disease before symptoms appear.

  • Personalized medicine: tailor treatments based on genetic profile.

5. Interdisciplinary Nature:

  • Bridges the gap between traditional pathology and modern molecular biology.

  • Often overlaps with genomic medicine, bioinformatics, and translational medicine.

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